Ruth Vader Ginsberg
Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( Eng. Of Ruth Bader Ginsburg , nee Joan Ruth Bader ( Eng. Of Joan of Ruth Bader ); 15 on March 1933 - 18 September 2020 ) - American lawyer, judge of the US Supreme Court . Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and was sworn in on August 10, 1993. She is the second female judge of the US Supreme Court , after Sandra Day O'Connor . Ginsburg after the resignation of O'Connor and before the appointment of Sonia Sotomayorwas the only female member of the Supreme Court. During this period, Ginsburg became more rigid in dissenting opinions , which was noted by observers in popular culture. She is usually seen as belonging to the liberal wing of the court. Ginsburg is the author of important opinions of the majority including the " United States v. Virginia, " Olmstead v. LC and of Friends of the Earth, Inc. v Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
Bader was born in Brooklyn , New York to Jewish immigrant parents. Her older sister died when Ruth was just over a year old, and her mother, one of her biggest sources of inspiration, died shortly before Bader graduated from high school. She then earned her BA from Cornell University and married Martin Ginsburg and later attended Harvard Law School, where she was one of the few women in her class. Ginsburg then moved to Columbia Law School, which she graduated from one of the first in its release.
After graduating from law school, Ginzburg became a teacher at a higher school. She is a professor of law school at Rutgers and Colombia taught civil paperwork and was one of the few women in the field. Ginsburg has spent much of her legal career as a human rights defender, advocating for gender equality and women's rights, and has won several cases in the Supreme Court. She served as a volunteer lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union and served on the board of directors and one of its general councils in the 1970s. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia where she served prior to her appointment to the US Supreme Court.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Early life
Born March 15, 1933, in Brooklyn , New York City , as Joan Ruth Bader, the second daughter of Celia Amster and Nathan Bader. His mother is an Austrian Jew born in New York , and his father is a Jewish immigrant from Odessa in southern Ukraine (then Russian Empire ) . 14 months after he was born, her older sister Marilyn died at the age of 6 due to meningitis . His family called him by the nickname "Kiki," which his older sister gave after watching his kick. After he entered school, his mother found that there were several students in the class with the name "Joan" and recommended that the teacher call him "Ruth" to avoid confusion. Though not devout, his family served as a member of the Jewish Center in East Midwood, a conservative synagogue , where he learned Jewish doctrine and Hebrew . When he was 13, he participated as a "camp rabbi " at a Jewish summer school held in Che-na-wa camp, New York .
Vader's mother Celia actively participated in his education, often taking him to the library. His mother was a good student as a child enough to graduate from high school at the age of 15, but her parents decided to send her brother to college instead of Celia, and she did not receive higher education. His mother wanted him to get more education so that he could serve as a high school history teacher. He attended James Madison High School , and later our law program established a court named after him. During his high school years, his mother had been fighting cancer but passed away the day before his graduation ceremony.
Vader Alpha Epsilon Pie Club as a member of the New York State yisaka of Cornell University, attended. When I was 17, I met Martin Ginsberg , a student at the same university . On June 23, 1954, he graduated from government studies with excellent grades. He was a member of the elite college student society in the United States, Pibeta Kappa , and in the year he graduated, he was the top female member of the society. A month after graduating from Cornell University, he married Martin Ginsberg. His spouse Oklahoma chamber Fort of the Army yebidae district officer (ROTC) receipt of Directors was convened on the command together. He worked for the Oklahoma branch of the Social Security Administration and was demoted at the age of 21 for pregnancy of his first child. In 1955 he gave birth to a daughter.
In the fall of 1956, Ginsburg was admitted as one of nine female students at Harvard Law School with a total of 500 students. All of the girls, including him, were brought to a dinner table invited by the head of the department, and asked, "Why do you come to Harvard Law School and take the place of men?" When his spouse found a job in New York City, he transferred to Columbia Law School in New York . He became the first woman to be reviewed in two major law school journals, Harvard Law Review and Columbia . In 1959 he graduated from Columbia Law School as a co-lead.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Early career
From the start of his legal career, Ginsburg had a hard time finding a job. In 1960, Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter did not hire him as a trial researcher because he was a woman . It was rejected despite a strong recommendation from Albert Martin Sachs , professor of law and later as head of the Harvard Law School Department . Columbia Law School Professor Gerald Gunter threatens Judge Edmund Palmieri of the District Court in the Southern District of New York, one of the most influential U.S. federal district courts , that he would not recommend a Columbia University student to Palmieri unless Ginsburg was hired as a trial researcher. At the same time, Ginsburg promised to send another student to the university if he was unable to successfully pursue a research position. From the end of that year, he began working as a trial researcher for Judge Palmieri and worked for two years.
Academy
From 1961 to 1963, Ginsburg was a Research Fellow and then Associate Director of the Columbia Law School's International Procedure Project; she studied the Swedish language, in order to share with Anders Bryuzeliem write a book on Civil Procedure in Sweden. Ginsburg also did extensive research for her book at Lund University in Sweden Ginsburg's time in Sweden also influenced her views on gender equality. She was inspired to observe changes in Sweden, where women made up 20 to 25 percent of all law students; and one of the judges whom Ginzburg observed during her research was eight months pregnant and was still at work.
In 1963 Ginzburg received the first professorship in law school at Rutgers. However, the appointment was not without its flaws: Ginsburg said that it will pay less than her male colleagues since the work was well paid her husband. At the time Ginsburg began her academic career, there were fewer than twenty women law professors in the United States. ] She served at Rutgers as professor of law, mainly civil litigation, from 1963 to 1972, and took up a permanent position in 1969.
In 1970 Ginzburg souchredila legal journal Women's Rights Law Reporter, which was the first focused on women's rights magazine in the United States . From 1972 to 1980 she taught at Columbia University, where she became the first woman to hold a permanent appointment, and wrote in collaboration casebook in cases of discrimination based on sex . She also spent a year at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, from 1977 to 1978 .
Legal protection
In 1972, Ginsburg co-founded the Women's Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), and in 1973, she became the ACLU's general counsel. By 1974, the Women's Rights Project and related ACLU projects we're involved in over 300 gender discrimination cases. As director of the Women's Rights Project, she was involved in six Supreme Court trials between 1973 and 1976 and won five of them. Rather than asking the court to end all gender discrimination at once, Ginsburg took a different approach - she aimed at specific discriminatory statutes and relied on each successive victory. She carefully chose the plaintiffs, from time to time by choosing men in their capacity to demonstrate that gender discrimination is harmful to both women and men.
Ginzburg also targeted laws that, at first glance, were useful for women, but in fact reinforced the idea that women should be dependent on men . Ginsburg strategy also affects the choice of words, she advocated the use of the word " the gender of " (from the English. - "gender") instead of "sex" (from the English. - "sex, sex ") after assumption of his secretary, that the word "sex "Will distract the judges. She gained a reputation as a skilled human rights activist, and her work has led to the cessation of sex discrimination in many areas of law.
Ginzburg wrote a brief to the point, " Reed v Reed US 71 (1971), at the decision which the Supreme Court extended the application of the provisions of the Equal Protection Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution to women. She helped win the case " Frontier v. Richardson US 677 (1973) which challenged a statute that made it difficult for a female soldier to receive an increased benefit for her husband compared to a male soldier seeking a similar benefit for his wife. Ginsburg argued that the statute treats women as inferior, and the Supreme Court, voting 8-1, ruled in its favor.
The Court also ruled in its favor in the " Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld US 636 (1975), where Ginzburg represented widower, who was denied the payment of benefits for the loss of the breadwinner within List Social Security. Social Security terms allowed widows to receive childcare benefits, but not widowers. Ginsburg argued that the statute discriminates against men, not giving them the same protection as women.
In Craig v. Boren, 429 US 190 (1976) Ginsburg wrote the brief as an amicus curiae and served as an advisor in a case challenging Oklahoma law that set different rules for men and women. minimum age restrictions for drinking alcoholic beverages For the first time, a court has imposed a so-called “ interim review on a sex-discriminatory law; increased level of the Constitutional Review. Newest her case considered by the Supreme Court, and in which she participated as a human rights defender, was " Duren against Missouri (1979), which challenged the voluntary nature of women's participation in jury trials; while for men it was mandatory. She argued that participation in jury trials was the responsibility of every citizen and therefore should not be optional for women. At the end of Ginsburg's speech, then-Supreme Court Justice William Renquist asked her, "So you won't settle for a portrait of Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar?". Ginzburg recalled that she wanted to answer “we will not be satisfied trifles, but in the end, decided not to answer the question at all .
Lawyers and advocates pay tribute to Ginsburg's work in significantly improving women's rights, which are covered by the constitutional Equal Protection Clause . All of Ginzburg's legal victories, taken together, discouraged legislative assemblies from different attitudes towards women and men in the framework of the application of legislation. She continued to work on the ACLU's Women's Rights Project until she was appointed to the Federal Court in 1980. Later, Antonín Scalia , her colleague, praised Ginsburg's human rights skills: "she has become a leading and very successful advocate for women's rights - the Thurgood Marshall of her cause , so to speak.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg Personal Life
Daughter Jane is also a law professor at Columbia University. The son James is a music producer for classical music. The husband died of cancer in 2010 after 56 years of marriage.
Diseases
Bader Ginsburg was seriously ill several times. In 1999, colon cancer was diagnosed at an early stage. The disease was cured by surgery. In 2009, pancreatic carcinoma was diagnosed at an early stage and also underwent curative surgery. In November 2014 she underwent a cardiac catheter examination after angina pectoris symptoms and received a coronary stent . On November 7, 2018, 85-year-old Ginsburg broke three ribs in a fall in her officeand had to go to the hospital. This led to lively sympathy on social media and numerous recovery and health wishes. Many users saw the prospect that President Donald Trump could fill another judge post at the Supreme Court when Ginsburg leaves - according to Neil Gorsuch 2017 and Brett Kavanaugh 2018. As an incidental finding, several pulmonary nodules were discovered during the X-ray of the ribs after the rib fracture were classified as malicious . She had a lobectomy on December 21, 2018. At this event too, liberal America was very concerned. In August 2019, she was treated with three weeks of radiation therapy for another cancer, a malignant tumor of the pancreas. Despite these incidents, Bader Ginsburg has so far answered negatively all questions about whether she wanted to withdraw from the judicial office. On January 8, 2020, she declared in an interview as "cured from cancer" ( cancer free ).
In July 2020 Bader Ginsburg announced that she had been diagnosed with liver metastases. An initially attempted immunotherapy did not work, but the chemotherapy with gemcitabine , which has been ongoing since May 19, 2020, has shown positive results. Although this was not explicitly specified, the circumstances spoke in favor of metastases from the previously diagnosed pancreatic cancer . She died of it on September 18, 2020 at the age of 87 in Washington, DC
Personal style
As a judge at the Supreme Court, Bader Ginsburg had her own style. She did not wear the traditional American judge's robe, but a robe d'avocat in the French style. In this style, she was later followed by fellow judge Sandra Day O'Connor. She often wore a jabot . Initially it was white in color, but over the years it became more and more colorful. She wore a very special dissent jabot on the occasions when she gave dissenting opinions on the record .
This jabot, which entomologists evidently reminded entomologists of the neck plate of praying mantises , led to a new species of these insects, Ilomantis ginsburgae , being named after her in her honor. Contrary to the traditional use of the male genitalia to classify insect species, the determination of the species native to Madagascar was based on the anatomy of the female genitalia.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: An advocate of women's rights
Ginsburg was committed to gender equality. She herself experienced sexism throughout her career, both on a personal and legal level. On one occasion, the Dean of Harvard Law School criticized her for filling a position that could have been given to a man. After graduating from Columbia Law School top of her class, Ginsburg did not receive a single job offer. She later explained that she had been conspicuous in three ways at the time: as a Jew, as a woman and as a mother. One of her professors, Gerald Gunther, had to help her find a job with a federal judge in Manhattan, Edmund Palmieri. In 1963 she was the first woman to teach at theRutgers Law School . However, she received a lower salary than her male colleagues on the grounds that she was married and that her husband could provide for her support. In 1971, Ginsburg played an important role in starting the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Women's Rights project . She was the ACLU's leading attorney from 1973 to 1980 and was a member of its federal board from 1974 to 1980. So it came about that she represented the ACLU before the Supreme Court in a number of cases related to women's rights, including Frontiero v. Richardson in 1973.
With the resignation of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, Ginsburg was the only female Supreme Court judge until Sonia Sotomayor was appointed in 2009. When asked when there would be enough women in the Supreme Court, Ginsburg replied, "If there are nine." (Nine judges would be an all-female Supreme Court. Ginsburg pointed out that for most of American history there is an all-male Supreme Court and no one objected.) She also wrote the United States v. Virginiawhich states that state schools cannot refuse admission based on gender. Judge Ginsburg insisted that there was no good reason for the school to refuse entry to women and that women deserved the same educational opportunities as men.
Judge Ginsburg made it her business to eliminate discrimination against women in the workplace. In 2007, together with three fellow judges, she wrote a severe dissent in the Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. In these proceedings, plaintiff had Lilly Ledbetter against her employer, Goodyear Tire & Rubbersued, who had paid her less than her male colleagues for years. However, the plaintiff only found out about this when she left the employer. The suit was dismissed by the Supreme Court because the statute of limitations had expired. Ginsburg described the court's decision as unjust because the plaintiff did not know that she was being discriminated against and therefore had no reason to file a suit in time. She called on Congress to rectify the situation, which it did in 2009 with the passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act , which was subsequently enacted by President Barack Obama.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: United States Court of Appeals
On April 14, 1980, President Jimmy Carter nominated him as judge of the Federal District of Appeals Court of Columbia , who was vacant after the death of Judge Harold Leventhal . On June 18, 1980, the Senate confirmed his appointment and sent a hearing report. On August 9, 1993, he quit his job as a judge in the Court of Appeals by appointment of the Federal Supreme Court Justice. As a judge in the Court of Appeals, he often ruled in the same position as his conservative court judges, including Robert Volk and Antonin Scalia . During his tenure at the Court of Appeals, he gained a reputation as a "disrespectful lawyer" and mid-centre. After his appointment as Supreme Court Justice, David Tatel was appointed to his successor.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Supreme Court of the United States
Nominations and appointments
June 1993 the 14th US president Bill Clinton 's Byron White was nominated him to the Supreme Court justices vacated by retirement of Justice. Janet Reno , then Minister of Justice at the time, recommended by Republican Utah Senator Orin Haechi , recommended him to the President for the post of Justice. After his nomination, Ginsburg was rated as a moderate. Reportedly, Clinton was considering increasing the diversity of the constitution of the Supreme Court, and Ginsburg was the first Jew to be appointed to the Supreme Court after the resignation of Supreme Court Justice Abbe Portas in 1969 .
He is the second female federal supreme judge in history and the first female Jewish federal supreme judge. He is also currently the longest serving Jewish Supreme Court Justice. The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rated him as "well qualified," the highest rating given to prospective federal Supreme Court Justices.
In his testimony to a personnel hearing held by the US Senate Judiciary Committee , he did not express his opinion on the constitutionality of matters such as the death penalty because the case was referred to the Supreme Court and he might have to decide .
At the hearing, however, he answered questions about potentially sensitive matters. For example, he explained at length his legal philosophy of gender equality, and privacy is a constitutional right. As a lawyer, he responded honestly and plainly to the issues he had already written his opinions. On August 3, 1993, the US Senate confirmed the appointment of 96-3, and two days later, a hearing report was sent. On August 10, 1993, he took the oath as Supreme Court Justice.
Ginsburg's name appeared at the hearing of the current Federal Chief Justice of the United States, John Roberts . Ginsburg wasn't the first candidate to evade answers to specific questions from the U.S. Congressman, and Roberts' candidate was also a young attorney in 1981 who recommended that federal Supreme Court candidates not give specific answers, but conservative commentators and the Senate. Lawmakers coined and used the term "Ginsburg precedent" to defend the defense of the Roberts candidate. In a speech at Wakeforest University on September 28, 2005, he said that Roberts was "unquestionably right" for his refusal to respond to several cases at a personnel hearing.
Judgment as Federal Supreme Court
Ginsburg started his career as a federal Supreme Court by taking a cautious approach to the ruling. In a speech shortly before the nomination of the Supreme Court Justice, he said, "To me, a prudent motion seems generally right for decisions related to the constitution and precedent . Experience has shown that doctrinal limbs may turn out to be unstable. Judge Cass line Stein is the Ginsberg in the sense that judges who want to build up carefully the case law rather than pushing the Constitution was described as "minimalist reasonable (rational minimalist)" in his vision.
With the resignation of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, Ginsburg became the only female Supreme Court of the United States. Reporter Linda Greenhouse , who has served the Supreme Court in the New York Times for almost 30 years , called the period 2006-2007 "when Ginsburg discovered and used his voice." In addition, during this period, for the first time after his appointment as a judge, his minority opinions were read in court, suggesting his strong opposition to the majority opinion.
With the resignation of Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens in 2010, he became the head of the "liberal wing" of the Supreme Court. When the Supreme Court Justices split into the five conservative liberals, Ginsburg decided who would write the minority opinion as the liberal chief. He took the lead in expressing progressive minority opinions in a way that "one voice" and possibly a unified approach by federal justices who disagree with the ruling (multiple opinions).
Relationship with colleagues at the Supreme Court
Notably, the fellow Supreme Court judge with whom Bader Ginsburg got on best personally was Antonin Scalia , a Ronald Reagan- appointed representative of the Conservative wing. Bader Ginsburg and Scalia had both grown up in the New York suburbs and been law professors and judges in federal appeals courts before they were appointed to the Supreme Court. In their legal views, however, they were fundamentally different and often disagreed on important issues. Nevertheless, the relationship was characterized by mutual respect and if they had different opinions, they gave each other a copy of their documents before the public hearing so that the other could prepare an appropriate answer and develop a respectful, not too polarized debate. The families of the two cultivated an intensive exchange and both Scalia and Ginsburg were avid opera lovers and sometimes even went on vacation together. This was known to the public and on July 11, 2015, a one-act comic opera Scalia / Ginsburg had its world premiere at the Castleton Festival , which parodied the conditions at the Supreme Court .
Some court opinions
- United States v. Virginia case (United States v. Virginia) 518 US 515 (1996) opinion of the Court Virginia Military Institute policy only recruit male students in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution 's equal protection clause .
- United States v. O'Hagan case (United States v. O'Hagan)521 US 642 (1997)opinion of the court
- Olmstead v. LC (Olmstead v. LC)527 US 581 (1999)Court opinion
- Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services Company case (at The Friends of Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.)528 US 167 (2000)opinion of the court
- Bush v. Gore (Bush v. Gore)531 US 98 (2000)objection
- Eldred v. Ashcroft case (Eldred v. Ashcroft)537 US 186 (2003)opinion of the court
- Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Company case (Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.)544 US 280 (2005)opinion of the court
- Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company case (Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.)550 US 618 (2007)objection
- Gonzales v. Carhart (Gonzales v. Carhart) 550 US 124 (2007) Objection
- Ricci v. case (Ricci v. DeStefano) 129 S.objection
- Burwell v. Huobi Luo ratio case (Burwell v. Hobby Lobby) 573objection
Other activities
During Clinton’s second presidential inauguration on January 20, 1997, Ginsberg was invited by Vice President Al Gore to be the host of his inauguration ceremony.
In January 2012, Ginsberg went to Egypt for four days to participate in discussions with judges, law professors, law students and legal experts. One of the purposes of her trip is to "listen and learn" for Egypt to begin its constitutional democratic transition . She also answered questions about the US judicial system and the US Constitution . Ginsburg told students at Cairo University that she was "inspired" by the Egyptian revolution .
In an interview with Alhayat TV, she said that the first requirement of the new constitution should be to " maintain basic human rights like our First Amendment ." When asked whether Egypt’s new constitution should follow other countries, she said that Egypt should “be benefited from all the constitutions since the end of World War II” and said: “If I drafted the constitution in 2012, I would not look at the United States. The Constitution. I might look at the South African Constitution. This is to allow the government to have a basic tool-an independent judiciary to embrace basic human rights. This is really, I think, this great work has done it better than the US Constitution More modern." She said that the United States was fortunate to have "very smart" people who wrote a constitution, but pointed out that no women were able to participate in this process in the 1780s, and slavery still exists in the United States.
On August 31, 2013, at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington , he married his economist partner, Roberts, for his long-time friend Cather, who was the president of the center, and became the first US Supreme Court to preside over same-sex marriage . Justice.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Legal positions
Bader Ginsburg was considered a representative of the so-called liberal wing in the Supreme Court . In the early years at the Supreme Court , she did not appear particularly prominent to the public. After Sandra Day O'Connor left, the voice of Bader Ginsburg was the only remaining woman at the Supreme Court, according to observers, "audibly louder". She repeatedly used the opportunity to proclaim a dissent from the bench as a sign of a strong deviation from the majority opinion. Since the retirement of John Paul Stevens , she was the senior member of the liberal wing on the Supreme Court , where he had after the seniorityassumed some kind of leadership of this wing. In doing so, she tried to let this piano speak with a single voice.
In her approach as a lawyer, she was described as fundamentally careful and case-oriented. She is conservative in the Burkeian sense and, unlike her liberal predecessors William Joseph Brennan or Thurgood Marshall, fundamentally does not believe that fundamental changes in society should be brought about by the courts. In this sense, she also criticized the judgment in the Roe v. Wade , who overturned any federal abortion laws, considered too extensive. Instead, according to Bader Ginsburg, the Supreme Court should have limited itself to repealing the relevant law in Texas. The ruling ended a desirable general social discussion about the termination of pregnancy prematurely.
Below are some important disputes in which Ruth Bader Ginsburg's vote played an important role.
Abortion
In an interview with The New York Times in 2009, Ginsburg spoke of his views on abortion and sexual equality, saying, "The most basic thing is that governments have no authority to make decisions on behalf of women." He continued pregnancy interruption Issues (abortion right) has supported the 2000 Sten bug for South Heart event in cervical dilatation and aspiration (Intact dilation and extraction) at all an outlaw Nebraska participate in the Federal Supreme Court discarded the law I did. On the 40th anniversary of the ruling in the Roe v. Wade case in 1973, he criticized that the ruling had initially halted a democratic movement that could have established a favorable social consensus on the right to stop pregnancy.
In a minority opinion in the 2007 Gonzalez v. Kahat case, when the Federal Supreme Court advocated the 5-4 ban on partial childbirth abortion , he opposed the majority opinion that followed the congressional decision that partial childbirth abortion was not safe for women. In the opinion of the few, he focused his anger over the truth of the judgment and the way Congress made this judgment. Hall Women's Health v. Hellerstead in 2016 abolished portions of Texas state law in 2013 that regulated the provision of abortion proceduresIn joining the majority opinion in the case, he wrote a concurring opinion that was more critical of this state law than other federal justices. He argued that, contrary to the state of Texas, this state law aims to prevent women from undergoing abortion, not women's health.
Death penalty
In the decision of Baze v. Rees advocated Ruth Bader Ginsburg, together with Judge David Souter, of the minor opinion that the lethal injection method used in Kentucky was unconstitutional.
Homosexuality
Ginsburg wrote a decision in the 1996 US-Virginia case that the Virginia General Military School (VMI) found that recruiting male students only violated the equality provisions of the 14th Amendment . As a prestigious public school specialized in the military, Virginia General Military School did not recruit girls. For him, state actors, such as the Virginia General Military School, could not use gender to prevent women from taking advantage of the school and its unique teaching methods. He stressed that governments should demonstrate "exceedingly persuasive justification" when making gender-based classifications.
Ginsburg wrote a minority opinion in the 2007 Redbetter v. Goodyear case in which plaintiff Lily Ledbetter sued his employer, alleging gender wage discrimination as specified in Chapter 7 of the Civil Rights Act . The 5-4 majority (Federal Supreme Court) interpreted that each statutory statute occurs at each pay cycle, even if later found out that a woman is paid less than her male co-worker . He found this result absurd, pointing out that women often don't know that their wages are low, and therefore it is unfair to require women to act every pay cycle.
He also noted that women in the male-dominant industry may be reluctant to sue for small wage differences while waiting for the wage discrimination amount to grow. From a minority opinion, he urged Congress to amend Chapter 7 of the Civil Rights Act to invalidate the decision in this case (the majority opinion). As the first bill Barack Obama signed after elected president in 2008, the Lily Ledbetter Wage Equality Act made it easier for workers to win wage discrimination litigation. Ginsburg was credited with helping the law.
Seizure and Search
Although he did not write the 2009 Saford Unified School District v. Reading case, he was credited with influencing fellow federal Supreme Court Justices. The Supreme Court ruled that it was out of the way for schools to have a 13-year-old girl take off her underwear so that female staff could find drugs. In an interview published prior to the ruling, Ginsberg said, "They have never been a 13-year-old girl," commenting that some fellow federal chiefs did not fully understand the ramifications of the naked search for a 13-year-old girl.
On an eight-to-one basis, the Federal Supreme Court ruled that the search of the school exceeded the degree and that it violated Article 4 of the Amendment , and allowed the student to sue the school. Only Ginsburg and Federal Supreme Court Justice Stevens expressed the view that they could sue individual school staff members.In the 2009 Herring v. United States case, where police officers ruled not to exclude evidence resulting from failure to update computer systems, Ginsburg wrote a minority opinion. Contrary to the opinion of Supreme Court Chief Roberts, who emphasized that exclusion of evidence is a way to prevent police misconduct, he took a stronger view on this as a remedy for the defendant's violation of the Fourth Amendment.
He considered the exclusion of evidence as a way to prevent governments from taking advantage by mistake, and thus as a remedy to preserve judicial integrity and respect for civil rights. He also argued that paying a high price for mistakes would encourage the police to pay more attention, and rejected claims that Supreme Court Chief Roberts' excluding the evidence would not prevent them.
International Law
Ginsburg also supported the use of foreign statutes and norms to form US domestic law in the Judiciary's decision; Some conservative federal justices disagreed with his view.He supported the use of foreign legal interpretations for persuasive value and proper wisdom, not precedents that the courts should follow. He called renowned jurists John Henry Wigmore and the second president of the United States John Adams " internationalists, " arguing that discussing international law is an old custom of American law.
Since he was a lawyer, he has cited international law; In his first case in the Supreme Court, Reed v. Reed in 1971, he cited two German cases. In the 2003 Gutter v. Bollinger case, he joined the majority opinion advocating the Michigan Law School's preferential minority admissions policy. In a supplementary opinion, he pointed out that this preferential policy will someday be over, consistent with international treaties established to address racial and gender discrimination.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Awards
- Genesis Prize 2018 for her life's work
- Berggruen Prize 2019 for her pioneering legal work in the field of gender equality and her support of the legal system
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: At the cinema
In 2018, actress Felicity Jones represented her in the film biopic : The Voice of Equality directed by Mimi Leder ; alongside actor Armie Hammer in the role of Mr. Ginsburg also has a documentary about his life entitled abbreviated As its name suggests: RGB
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Films
- RBG , documentary by Betsy West and Julie Cohen, 2018 , premiere at Sundance Film Festival, German title RBG - A Life for Justice. , Film release December 13, 2018
- Heike Karen Runge, review of the film, in: "Dschungel", supplement to jungle world , 50, December 13, 2018, pp. 2–5.
- The Vocation - Your Fight for Justice (On the Basis of Sex, 2018) , feature film by Mimi Leder with Felicity Jones in the lead role. German theatrical release March 7, 2019.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Tributes and distinctions
In 2018, Julie Cohen and Betsy West directed the documentary RBG , which traces the journey of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The same year, the film Une femme d'exception , directed by Mimi Leder , also traces the journey of RBG, played by Felicity Jones.
Price
- 1995: Gold Medal of the American Academy of Achievement in the Public Service category
- 2011 Jefferson Awards for Public Service (in) in category Senator John Heinz Award for outstanding service by an elected or appointed
- 2015: Roosevelt's Four Freedoms Award in the Medal of Freedom category
- 2016: Brandeis 20 medal
- 2018: Genesis Award in the Lifetime Achievement category
Honors
- 2002: National Women's Hall of Fame
- 2004 7 th position on the list of most powerful women in the world according to Forbes
- Doctor honoris causa of the University of Ohio (2009) 21 , the Willamette University (2009), of Princeton University (2010) 22 , of Harvard University (2011) 23
- 2015: Time 100 24
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Literature
- Zoé Baches, Andreas Rüesch: We cannot give our enemies a greater gift. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 8, 2015, accessed on August 28, 2019 .
- Moira Donegan: Ruth Bader Ginsburg is a hero to women. A future without her is a chilling prospect. The Guardian, August 28, 2019, accessed August 28, 2019 .
- Marietta Steinhart: Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Superwoman with a judge's gavel. Die Zeit, December 25, 2018, accessed on August 28, 2019 .
- Rita Kohlmaier: Ruth Bader Ginsburg . In: Women 70+ Cool. Rebellious. Wise. Elisabeth Sandmann Verlag, Munich 2020, ISBN 978-3-945543-76-4 , pp. 28–33.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Syntax
- "Whether or not to give birth is a key decision about a woman's way of life, happiness and dignity. It is a woman's decision for herself. If the government makes that decision on behalf of women, it will be responsible for choosing women for themselves. It just means that it is not treated as a possible adult” (at the 1993 Supreme Court-appointed Congressional Hearing)
- “I am sometimes asked how many of the Supreme Court Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (of 9 members) would be satisfied if they were women. My answer is always the same.'Nine'. (In a lecture at Georgetown.
Ruth Vader Ginsberg: Death
Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September 18, 2020 at the age of 87, at which time she was battling metastasized pancreatic cancer.
According to a statement that the US Supreme Court issued on the death of the Magistrate, Ginsburg died at her home in Washington city and was accompanied by her family.
John Roberts , Chief Justice, said: “ Our nation has lost a historically stature lawyer. At the Supreme Court we have lost a dear colleague. Today we cry, but with the confidence that future generations will remember Ruth Bader Ginsburg as we knew her: a tireless and determined advocate for justice .
US President Donald Trump noted that " She was an incredible woman, whether you agree or not, she was an incredible woman who led an incredible life. " Trump and Bader Ginsburg maintained a strained relationship after the magistrate called him a "phony" before the 2016 presidential election , a comment he later retracted, at which time Trump asked him to resign
