Abdul kalam
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( October 15, 1931 - July 27, 2015 ) was commonly referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Referred to as Abdul Kalam. He was an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. He studied Physics at St. Joseph's College, Trichy, and Aerospace Engineering at the Madras College of Technology.
Prior to becoming President, Kalam worked as an aerospace engineer at the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). He is popularly known as the Indian Missile Man due to his involvement in the development of missile and missile aviation vehicle technology . He was instrumental in the organizational, technical, and political role of the Pokhran-II nuclear test in 1998 after the first nuclear test in 1974 . However, some scientists have suggested that Kalam may not be a personality in atomic physics, and that Homi J Baba and Vikram Sarabhai They said he followed them.
Kalam, with the backing of India's major parties, the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party , defeated Lakshmi Sahal in 2002 and was elected President of the Republic of India. He has been a Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute of Management in Patna , Astinapur, Vander of the Indian Space Science and Technology Institute in Trivandrum, and a Professor at the Anna and JSS Mysore Universities in Chennai, and as an Adjunct / Visiting Professor at several educational and research institutions in Somalia.
In his book, India 2020 , Kalam proposes to make India a developed country. His books have been widely acclaimed in South Korea for translation. He has received many prestigious awards, including India's highest award, the Bharat Ratna . Kalam is best known for his motivational speeches and discussions with the Indian student community. He started the "What I Can Give" movement in 2011 for the national youth with the central theme of eradicating corruption in India .
Early life and education
Kalam, the 15th day of the month of October 1931, in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu in Rameswaram in a boat owners, maraikkayarum. He was born as the 5th son of Jainulabdeen and housewife Ashiyamma. Since he came from a poor background, he started working at an early age to earn extra income for his family. Although he was brought up in many religious contexts, he followed a religious tradition. After school, Kalam became involved in the distribution of newspapers in order to contribute to his father's income. During his school days, Kalam received average marks. He is, however, portrayed as a bright student, with a keen interest in teaching, spending many hours studying, mainly accounting.
After completing his schooling at Rameswaram Primary School, Kalam joined the Pure Valan College at Tiruchirappalli and graduated in 1954 with a degree in Physics. At the end of that degree course, Kalam lost interest in physics and later regretted this four-year course. Then in 1955, he went to Chennai to study aerospace engineering at MIT Chennai . There he also received a master’s degree. Although Kalam holds several prestigious doctoral degrees, he completed his formal education with a master's degree from MIT Chennai.
While Kalam was working for a high-quality project, the college chief was worried about the progress of the program and threatened to terminate his scholarship if the project was not completed within two days. So Kalam worked tirelessly for the project, completed the project on time and earned the goodwill of the college president. He then said, "I gave you too much weight and set an easy deadline."
Scientific sector
After graduating from the Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai in 1960, Kalam joined the Defense Research and Development Organization as Chief Scientist in the Aeronautical Development Division. Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian Army . However, he was concerned about joining the Defense Research and Development Organization. Kalam was also part of a team (INCOSPAR) operating under renowned astronaut Vikram Sarabhai.
In 1969, Kalam, India's first domestic satellite of the Indian Space Research Organization, where irrigation has transformed the vehicle (launcher) ( S. L. V-III) became director of the program. (SLV-III) Launch Vehicle The Rohini satellite was successfully launched in 1980 near the Earth's surface. Joining the Indian Space Research Organization in Kalam's life was considered the greatest achievement. Callum S. L. V is said to have discovered himself only after he started working on the project. Kalam worked exclusively in the Defense Research and Development Organization in 1965 on the Expansion Wing.
In 1969, Kalam obtained government approval and recruited more engineers.
In 1963–64, he visited Langley's Research Center at NASA's Hampton, Virginia, the Goddard Space Center at Greenfield, and the Wallops Airport on the East Coast of Maryland and Virginia. Between 1970 and 1990, Kalam worked on the Polar SLV and SLV-III projects. Both projects were successfully completed.
Although Kalam did not participate in nuclear design, development, and test site development, Raja Ramanna was invited by Raja Ramanna as a replica of the Terminal Weapons Laboratory to see the Buddha Project , the country's first nuclear test .
In 1970, the Rohini-1 was launched into space using the SLV spacecraft, a feat for ISRO.
In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects, Project Devil and Project Valiant, to project missiles from the technology of the successful SLV project. Despite the refusal of the Union Cabinet, President Indira GandhiThrough his autonomy, he allocated mysterious funds to space programs under Kalam. Kalam was instrumental in getting the Union Cabinet to agree to cover up the true nature of these space projects.
In the 1980s, due to his great success and respect for his research and education leadership, the government prompted him to launch an additional missile program under his auspices. Kalam and Dr. VS Arunachalam, Scientific Advisor to the Minister of Metallurgy and Defense and the then Defense Minister Following Venkatraman's idea, they engaged in the production of several missiles simultaneously. MR. Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the central government's approval to allocate Rs 388 crore for the Integrated Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and to make Kalam the chief executive.Kalam has been instrumental in the project, despite concerns over mismanagement, high cost and time lag in developing the Agni Transitional Missile, Prithvi Tactical Missile and several missiles. From July 1992 to December 1999, he was Prime Minister's Chief Scientific Advisor and Secretary of the Defense Research and Development Agency. He made serious political and technical contributions to the Pokhran-II nuclear test that took place during this time.
In the test phase Kalam, r. Worked with Chidambaram as Chief Project Coordinator. Photos taken by the media have highlighted Kalam as the country's top nuclear scientist.
In 1998, Kalam, along with physician Soma Raju, developed a low-cost coronary stent. It was named "Kalam, Raju stent" to make them proud.
In 2012, the tablet computer they designed for the rural algorithm was named "Kalam, Raju Tablet".
Presidency
Abdul Kalam served as the Eleventh President of India, after KR Narayanan . He won the 2002 presidential election with 1,07,366 votes and won the seat with 9,22,884 votes. He served from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.
On June 10, 2002, the then ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA) announced that it would nominate Kalam to the presidency of Sonia Gandhi, the leader of the opposition Indian National Congress . The Samajwadi Party and the Nationalist Congress party announced that they would support him as a candidate. After the Samajwadi Party announced its support for Kalam, then President KR Narayanan left the field to become Kalam's 11th President without contesting for a second term.
On 18 June 2002, Kalam, along with Vajpayee and his senior cabinet colleagues, filed a nomination in the Indian Parliament .
Voting for the presidential election on 15 July 2002 took place with the states claiming the victory of the media column in parliament. The counting of votes took place on January 18. Kalam won the presidential election in a head-to-head contest. He is the 11th President of the Republic of India. After taking office on July 25, the President moved to Bhavnagar . He is the third President to be honored with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest award before becoming President. Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr. Sakir Hussain (1963) were the recipients of the Bharat Ratna Award before becoming President. He was the first scientist and unmarried man to invade Rashtrapati Bhavan.
During his presidency, he was affectionately known as the "President of the People." He says that signing the lucrative tenure bill was the hardest decision of his tenure.
20 out of 21 clemency petitions have been criticized by the president for being inactive in hearing and making decisions. Under Article 72 of the Constitution of India , the President is empowered to grant amnesty, the imposition of the death penalty and the abolition of the death penalty in the alternative death penalty. During his 5-year tenure, Kalam made only one motion, dismissing the mercy plea of Tanjay Chatterjee, who was convicted of rape. Afzal Guru, the most important of the 20 petitions, was indicted by the Supreme Court in 2004 for his December 2001 attack on parliament.Sentenced to death.
On October 20, 2006, he was placed on death row as his mercy petition was pending on the execution order.
On June 20, 2007 , at the end of his term, he announced his intention to run for a second term as President if his victory in the 2007 presidential election was assured. However, after two days, Rashtrapati Bhavan should be excluded from any political activity. He decided not to run for president again. He does not have the renewed mandate / support of the Left wing, the Shiv Sena and the UPA government.
24 July 2012 With the end of the term of 12th President Pratibha Patil, media reports in April suggested that Kalam might be nominated for a second term. After that statement, social networking sites took action to expand support for Kalam's candidacy. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has said it will support the Trinamool Congress , the Samajwadi Party and the Indian National Congress to field its nominee Kalam as its 2012 presidential candidate. A month before the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee They expressed their support for Kalam and proposed his name. Mulayam Singh Yadav withdrew as Mamata Banerjee's sole supporter in a matter of days after his assent. After many speculations on 18 June 2012, Kalam refused to contest the 2012 presidential election .
Criticism and controversies
There is controversy around Kalam as a scientist due to the lack of reliable and factual reporting of Pokhran II. Site Testing Director Q. Santhanam criticized the thermal nuclear bomb as a failed test and that Kalam's statement was false. However, this claim was made by Kalam, a key ally of Pokhran II. Chidambaram also refused.
Personal attacks
Many of her colleagues claimed that Kalam did not have "authority" in nuclear science, despite playing a key role in the development of nuclear programs. Homi Chetna is a chemical engineer, nuclear science and nuclear physicsCriticized that Kalam had no background to publish articles. Kalam earned a master's degree in aerospace engineering, a stark contrast from nuclear engineering. Chetna also said that the degree awarded by many universities for his achievements was completely different from nuclear engineering.
In his last national television interview, Chetna said that Kalam had failed in advanced physics during his college studies in 1950 and that "what he knew about nuclear physics". He also said he would use the presidency to gain national status as a nuclear scientist. Others said that Kalam did not work in Indian nuclear power plants and that he had no role in the development of nuclear weapons completed under Raja Ramanna.
In the 1970s, S. L. As an aerospace engineer in the V project, Chetna also concluded that he had been a project director since 1980, before joining the Defense Research and Development Organization. Celebrity in Bangalore The Indian Institute of Science rejected Kalam's application for lack of scientific credentials.
In the missile program in 2008The Indian media questioned her own contribution to the missile discovery. Kalam Agni, Prithvi and Akash were famous for their missile inventions. Kalam was involved in funding and arranging for all of the above to be researched, designed and developed by other scientists.
As a director of the Defense Research and Development Organization, Kalam gained a lot of popularity. Agarwal, the former director of the Advanced Computer Labs and former director of the Agni missile, is thought to have been the real reason for the successful design of the Agni missile.
Kalam wrote in his own biography, praising the important role of Agarwal, a former Chennai Institute of Technology student, in the invention of the Agni missile. He praised Sundaram as the shadow brain in the separatist project and Mohana in the Trish missile program.
In 2006, prominent senior media reporter Praful Pitavai wrote in a newspaper (THE DAILY STAR) that the two space projects approved by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and established under the Dr. Abdul Kalam Movement were a "total failure". Both these projects were canceled in the 1980s due to pressure from the Indian Army.
The Kalamai group criticized the government for supporting the construction of the Kudankulam nuclear power plant without holding talks with the locals . They considered Kalam a pro-nuclear scientist and reluctant to accept his commitment to security and hostile to his arrival.
US defense officials, the individual test
On September 29, 2011, an individual boarded a plane at Kennedy Airport in New York. He was subjected to a "separate screening" test that he did not fall under the category of prominent personalities exempted from the security testing procedures under US security standards. Despite opposition from the flight crew, he was asked to test his trousers and shoes after boarding the "Air India" flight, claiming to be OK under the "individually screened" test condition.
The incident did not appear until 13 November 2011. The incident has created public outrage among the people of the country and threatened to retaliate against India. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of IndiaIt said it had protested the incident and instead sent a letter to Kalam expressing deep regret for the inconvenience. Earlier in 2009, despite Kalam being on the Civil Aviation Safety Bureau's security check exemption list in India, he was interrogated as a normal passenger by "Continental Airlines" staff at the Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi.
The future of India: 2020
In his book India India 2020, Kalam announced his plan for India to become a superpower and a developed nation by 2020. He is dedicating his mission to the Indian nuclear weapons program to make India one of the future powers.
There are reports that translators of his books are welcome in South Korea.
Kalam continues to be involved in many other developments in the fields of science and technology. He has proposed a research project to develop BIO-IMPLANTS. He is an open source supporter of privacy solutions and believes that the use of free software on a large scale will bring IT benefits to a large number of people.
After his resignation in 1999 from the post of Encyclopaedia, he set a goal of meeting with over 100,000 students within two years.
He said in his own words, "I feel fulfilled when I'm with teenagers, especially high school students."
I have already made the film with the intention of sharing my workshop from now on to stimulate their imagination and prepare them for the project of making India a superpower.
During his tenure as President and later as Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and Indore, he was also the Principal at the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , and as Professor at the Department of Aerospace Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, and JSS, Mysore. He has been a regular contributor to the University and many educational and research institutions throughout Somalia, including as a visiting teacher and discussing with students.
Popular culture
In May 2011, Kalam embarked on the "What Can I Give" program, which is a central theme of the mission to defeat corruption. He was interested in writing Tamil poetry and playing the veena, a South Indian musical instrument made of string.
He was nominated for a Music Television (MTV) "Youth Icon" Award for 2003 and 2006.
In 2011, Rajasthani, a witty but clever "sotu", has been portrayed as having a positive effect on the boy, and the boy has made a name for himself in honor of Kalamat.
Gallery
Rameswaram , Masjid Abdul Kalam was born in the street on the first floor of the house, the Mission of Life kaleri (Mission of Life Gallery) in the name of Abdul Kalam received awards, photographs and writings has participated in major events. The exhibition is open to the public free of charge from 8 am to 7 pm daily.
Received awards and honors
APJ Abdul Kalam's 79th birthday at the United Nations was declared World Student's Day. He holds honorary doctorates from 40 universities. The Government of India honored him with the Padma Bhushan Award in 1981 , and the Padma Vibhushan Award in 1990 for his outstanding service to the Indian Space Research Organization, Defense Research and Development Organization, and for his work as a Government Scientific Adviser .
He received the Bharat Ratna, India's highest award, for his enormous and valuable contribution to the development of science and the modernization of technology.
| Year of award or honor | Name of award or honor | Award-winning organization |
|---|---|---|
| 2014 | Doctor of Science (Degree) | University of Edinburgh |
| 2012 | Doctor of Laws (degree) | Simon Fraser University |
| 2011 | Member of the IEEE Hon | IEEE |
| 2010 | Doctor of Engineering (Degree) | University of Waterloo |
| 2009 | The Hoover Medal | At ASME, USA |
| 2009 | International von Carmen Wings Award | California Institute of Technology, USA |
| 2008 | Doctor of Engineering (Degree) | Nanyang University of Technology, Singapore |
| 2007 | King Charles II Medal | Royal Society, England |
| 2007 | Honorary Doctorate in Science | University of Wolverhampton, England |
| 2000 | Ramanujan Award | Center for Research in the Deep, Chennai |
| 1998 | Veer Savarkar Award | Government of India |
| 1997 | Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration | Government of India |
| 1997 | The Bharat Ratna | Government of India |
| 1990 | Padma Vibhushan | Government of India |
| 1981 | Padma Bhushan | Government of India |
Blind
July 27, 2015 in India , Meghalaya provincial capital, Shillong Indian Institute of Management in addressing the students (around 6.30 pm) fainted. He was later admitted to a private hospital and passed away without treatment.
Funeral
Leading political leaders, including Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Congress General Secretary Rahul Gandhi , attended a well-organized event in Rameshwaram on July 30, 2015 with full military honors .
After the demise of the attractions
- The state government has announced that the Agricultural College and Science City at Kishanganj in Patna, Bihar , will be named after Abdul Kalam.
- The Maharashtra government has announced that Abdul Kalam's birthday will be celebrated on October 15 as reading day .
- Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav has announced that Abdul Kalam will be named the State Technological University of Uttar Pradesh .
- The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu also announced that the Abdul Kalam Award will be presented.
- ABJ to Aurangzeb Road in New Delhi. Ordered by the Corporation of New Delhi to be named Abdul Kalam Road .
- He was honored at the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. The 19th century's best man Vivekananda , the 20th century's great men, Gandhi , the 21st century's best man, Abdul Kalam as they sung the praises.
Kalam's books
- Turning Points; A journey through challenges 2012.
- Wings of Fire: An Autobiography , a self-titled autobiography co-authored by Arun Tiwari ; Universities Press, 1999.
- India 2020: A vision for the new millennium co-authored with YS Rajan; New York, 1998.
- Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India ; Viking, 2002.
- The Luminous Sparks ; Punya Publishing Private Limited, 2004.
- Mission India ; Epije Paintings by Abdul Kalam, Manav Gupta; Penguin Books, 2005.
- Inspiring Thoughts ; Rajpal & Sons, 2007.
- Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology in Developments co-authored with Narasimha; Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988.
- (Guiding souls) Flames of Wisdom of My Sky co-authored with his friend Arun K Tiwari
Kalam's proposals
Four domains
- Make it hard work
- Developing imagination.
- Learn the nuances of the regime
- Doing community duties on the eighth.
Pledge
- I will do my education or work with a sense of commitment and achieve a special place in it.
- I will teach ten illiterate people to read and write.
- I will free five people who are addicted to alcohol and gambling.
- I will continue to work to resolve the plight of my brothers who are not.
- I will plant at least ten saplings.
- I will not support caste, religion, language-based discrimination, and Vedas.
- I will strive to be a role model in honesty and build a corruption-free society.
- I will respect women and support female education
- I will always be a friend to the physically challenged and work to make them feel as natural as we are.
- I will proudly celebrate the victory of the country and the victory of the people.
India flourished when the youth accepted these promises and worked for a prosperous, happy and secure India with unwavering determination. - APJ Abdul Kalam.
Biographies of Kalam
- Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Kalam S. Chandra; Pentagon Press, 2002.
- RK Republican leader ABJ through Pruthi. Abdul Kalam; Anmol Publications, 2002.
- APJ Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India Press. Bhushan, G Goyal; APH Pub. Corp, 2002.
- P Dhanabal A Little Dream (Documentary); Directed by Electronic Media Pvt. Ltd., 2008.
- The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President and DM. Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.
- My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam by Fr.AK George ( My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam) ; Novel Corporation, 2009.
